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Printer Driver For Epson LX-300+ - Link download latest driver for Epson LX-300 has been provided at the link below. Epson LX-300+ Windows Download 32-bit. Religion Scriptures. Various formally approved collections of scriptures, including:. Biblical canon, among various Jewish and Christian communities; Chinese Buddhist canon, used in East Asia.
In computing, a device driver is a computer program that operates or controls a particular type of device that is attached to a computer.[1] A driver provides a software interface to hardware devices, enabling operating systems and other computer programs to access hardware functions without needing to know precise details about the hardware being used.
A driver communicates with the device through the computer bus or communications subsystem to which the hardware connects. When a calling program invokes a routine in the driver, the driver issues commands to the device. Once the device sends data back to the driver, the driver may invoke routines in the original calling program. Drivers are hardware dependent and operating-system-specific. They usually provide the interrupt handling required for any necessary asynchronous time-dependent hardware interface.[2]
Purpose[edit]
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The main purpose of device drivers is to provide abstraction by acting as a translator between a hardware device and the applications or operating systems that use it.[1] Programmers can write higher-level application code independently of whatever specific hardware the end-user is using.For example, a high-level application for interacting with a serial port may simply have two functions for 'send data' and 'receive data'. At a lower level, a device driver implementing these functions would communicate to the particular serial port controller installed on a user's computer. The commands needed to control a 16550 UART are much different from the commands needed to control an FTDI serial port converter, but each hardware-specific device driver abstracts these details into the same (or similar) software interface.
Development[edit]
Writing a device driver requires an in-depth understanding of how the hardware and the software works for a given platform function. Because drivers require low-level access to hardware functions in order to operate, drivers typically operate in a highly privileged environment and can cause system operational issues if something goes wrong. In contrast, most user-level software on modern operating systems can be stopped without greatly affecting the rest of the system. Even drivers executing in user mode can crash a system if the device is erroneously programmed. These factors make it more difficult and dangerous to diagnose problems.[3]
The task of writing drivers thus usually falls to software engineers or computer engineers who work for hardware-development companies. This is because they have better information than most outsiders about the design of their hardware. Moreover, it was traditionally considered in the hardware manufacturer's interest to guarantee that their clients can use their hardware in an optimum way. Typically, the Logical Device Driver (LDD) is written by the operating system vendor, while the Physical Device Driver (PDD) is implemented by the device vendor. But in recent years, non-vendors have written numerous proprietary device drivers, mainly for use with free and open sourceoperating systems. In such cases, it is important that the hardware manufacturer provides information on how the device communicates. Although this information can instead be learned by reverse engineering, this is much more difficult with hardware than it is with software.
Microsoft has attempted to reduce system instability due to poorly written device drivers by creating a new framework for driver development, called Windows Driver Foundation (WDF). This includes User-Mode Driver Framework (UMDF) that encourages development of certain types of drivers—primarily those that implement a message-based protocol for communicating with their devices—as user-mode drivers. If such drivers malfunction, they do not cause system instability. The Kernel-Mode Driver Framework (KMDF) model continues to allow development of kernel-mode device drivers, but attempts to provide standard implementations of functions that are known to cause problems, including cancellation of I/O operations, power management, and plug and play device support.
Apple has an open-source framework for developing drivers on macOS, called I/O Kit. Final cut pro x crack mac.
In Linux environments, programmers can build device drivers as parts of the kernel, separately as loadable modules, or as user-mode drivers (for certain types of devices where kernel interfaces exist, such as for USB devices). https://togcini.hatenablog.com/entry/2020/11/23/051308. Makedev includes a list of the devices in Linux: ttyS (terminal), lp (parallel port), hd (disk), loop, sound (these include mixer, sequencer, dsp, and audio)..[4] Audacity vst plugins download.
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The Microsoft Windows.sys files and Linux .ko modules contain loadable device drivers. The advantage of loadable device drivers is that they can be loaded only when necessary and then unloaded, thus saving kernel memory.
Kernel mode vs. user mode[edit]
Device drivers, particularly on modernMicrosoft Windows platforms, can run in kernel-mode (Ring 0 on x86 CPUs) or in user-mode (Ring 3 on x86 CPUs).[5] The primary benefit of running a driver in user mode is improved stability, since a poorly written user-mode device driver cannot crash the system by overwriting kernel memory.[6] On the other hand, user/kernel-mode transitions usually impose a considerable performance overhead, thereby prohibiting user-mode drivers for low latency and high throughput requirements.
Kernel space can be accessed by user module only through the use of system calls. End user programs like the UNIX shell or other GUI-based applications are part of the user space. Blue diamond program for mac. These applications interact with hardware through kernel supported functions.
Applications[edit]
Because of the diversity of modern hardware and operating systems, drivers operate in many different environments.[7] Drivers may interface with:
- Local buses of various sorts—in particular, for bus mastering on modern systems
- Low-bandwidthI/O buses of various sorts (for pointing devices such as mice, keyboards, USB, etc.)
- Computer storage devices such as hard disk, CD-ROM, and floppy disk buses (ATA, SATA, SCSI)
- Implementing support for different file systems
Common levels of abstraction for device drivers include: Best 3d product design software for mac.
- For hardware:
- Interfacing directly
- Writing to or reading from a device control register
- Using some higher-level interface (e.g. Video BIOS)
- Using another lower-level device driver (e.g. file system drivers using disk drivers)
- Simulating work with hardware, while doing something entirely different[8]
- For software:
- Allowing the operating system direct access to hardware resources
- Implementing only primitives
- Implementing an interface for non-driver software (e.g. TWAIN)
- Implementing a language, sometimes quite high-level (e.g. PostScript)
So choosing and installing the correct device drivers for given hardware is often a key component of computer system configuration.[9]
Virtual device drivers[edit]
Virtual device drivers represent a particular variant of device drivers. They are used to emulate a hardware device, particularly in virtualization environments, for example when a DOS program is run on a Microsoft Windows computer or when a guest operating system is run on, for example, a Xen host. Instead of enabling the guest operating system to dialog with hardware, virtual device drivers take the opposite role and emulates a piece of hardware, so that the guest operating system and its drivers running inside a virtual machine can have the illusion of accessing real hardware. Attempts by the guest operating system to access the hardware are routed to the virtual device driver in the host operating system as e.g., function calls. The virtual device driver can also send simulated processor-level events like interrupts into the virtual machine.
Virtual devices may also operate in a non-virtualized environment. For example, a virtual network adapter is used with a virtual private network, while a virtual disk device is used with iSCSI. A good example for virtual device drivers can be Daemon Tools.
There are several variants of virtual device drivers, such as VxDs, VLMs, and VDDs.
Open source drivers[edit]
- Printers: CUPS
- RAIDs: CCISS[10] (Compaq Command Interface for SCSI-3 Support[11])
- Scanners: SANE
- Video: Vidix, Direct Rendering Infrastructure
Solaris descriptions of commonly used device drivers:
- fas: Fast/wide SCSI controller
- hme: Fast (10/100 Mbit/s) Ethernet
- isp: Differential SCSI controllers and the SunSwift card
- glm: (Gigabaud Link Module[12]) UltraSCSI controllers
- scsi: Small Computer Serial Interface (SCSI) devices
- sf: soc+ or social Fiber Channel Arbitrated Loop (FCAL)
- soc: SPARC Storage Array (SSA) controllers and the control device
- social: Serial optical controllers for FCAL (soc+)
APIs[edit]
- Windows Display Driver Model (WDDM) – the graphic display driver architecture for Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8, and Windows 10.
- Unified Audio Model (UAM)[13]
- Windows Driver Foundation (WDF)
- Windows Driver Model (WDM)
- Network Driver Interface Specification (NDIS) – a standard network card driver API
- Advanced Linux Sound Architecture (ALSA) – as of 2009 the standard Linux sound-driver interface
- Scanner Access Now Easy (SANE) – a public-domain interface to raster-image scanner-hardware
- I/O Kit – an open-source framework from Apple for developing macOS device drivers
- Installable File System (IFS) – a filesystem API for IBM OS/2 and Microsoft Windows NT
- Open. WhatIs.com. TechTarget. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
- ^EMC Education Services (2010). Information Storage and Management: Storing, Managing, and Protecting Digital Information. John Wiley & Sons.
- ^Burke, Timothy (1995). Writing device drivers: tutorial and reference. Digital Press.
- ^'MAKEDEV — Linux Command — Unix Command'. Linux.about.com. 2009-09-11. Retrieved 2009-09-17.
- ^'User-mode vs. Kernel-mode Drivers'. Microsoft. 2003-03-01. Archived from the original on 2008-03-09. Retrieved 2008-03-04.
- ^'Introduction to the User-Mode Driver Framework (UMDF)'. Microsoft. 2006-10-10. Retrieved 2008-03-04.
- ^Deborah Morley (2009). Understanding Computers 2009: Today and Tomorrow. Cengage Learning.
- ^Computer Peripherals and Interfaces. Technical Publications Pune. January 2008. pp. 5–8. ISBN8184314744. Retrieved 2016-05-03.
- ^'What are Device Drivers and why do we need them?'. drivers.com. April 17, 2015. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
- ^'CCISS'. SourceForge. 2010. Retrieved 2010-08-11.
Drivers for the HP (previously Compaq) Smart Array controllers which provide hardware RAID capability.
- ^Russell, Steve; et al. (2003-10-21). 'Abbreviations and acronyms'. Server Consolidation with the IBM eserver xSeries 440 and VMware ESX Serve. IBM International Technical Support Organization. p. 207. ISBN0-7384-2684-9. Retrieved 2011-08-14.[permanent dead link]
- ^'US Patent 5969841 - Gigabaud link module with received power detect signal'. PatentStorm LLC. Archived from the original on 2011-06-12. Retrieved 2009-09-08.
An improved Gigabaud Link Module (GLM) is provided for performing bi-directional data transfers between a host device and a serial transfer medium.
- ^'Unified Audio Model (Windows CE 5.0)'. msdn.microsoft.com. Retrieved 2016-09-19.
- ^'dxd - dynax driver framework: Main Page'. dxd.dynax.at. Retrieved 2016-09-19.
External links[edit]
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Device_driver&oldid=916323985'
Look up Canon, canon, or canonical in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
Canon may refer to:
- 2Arts, entertainment, and media
- 2.1Literature
- 4Religion
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Places[edit]
- Canon, Georgia, a city in the United States
- Cañon City, Colorado, United States
- Cañon City School District
- Cañon Fiord, on Ellesmere Island in Nunavut, Canada
- Canons Park, London, UK
- Mézidon-Canon, a commune in Normandy, France
Arts, entertainment, and media[edit]
Literature[edit]
- The Canon (Natalie Angier book), a 2007 science book
- The Canon of Medicine, a medical text written by Ibn Sina (Avicenna)
- The Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages, a 1994 book by Harold Bloom
Collections or lists[edit]
- Canon of Dutch History, 50 topics to be taught in schools in the Netherlands
- Canon of Dutch Literature, a list of the most important Dutch literary works
- Canon of Eclipses, an 1887 compilation of eclipses by Theodor Ritter von Oppolzer
- Canon of Kings, a dated list of kings used by ancient astronomers as a convenient means to date astronomical phenomena
- Danish Culture Canon, a list of 108 works of cultural excellence
- Western canon, the books, music, and art that have been the most influential in shaping Western culture
Music[edit]
- Canon (album), 2007, by Ani DiFranco
- Canon (music), a type of contrapuntal composition
- 'Canon', a 2011 song by Justice
- 'Pachelbel's Canon', a German Baroque chamber work
Other uses in arts, entertainment, and media[edit]
- Canon (basic principle), a rule or a body of rules or principles generally established as valid and fundamental in a field of art or philosophy
- Canon (fiction), the conceptual material accepted as 'official' in a fictional universe's fan base
- Canon (film), a 1964 Canadian animated short
- Canon (game), an online browser-based strategy war game
- Canon (manga), by Nikki
- Aesthetic canon, a rule for the proportions of a human figure
- The Canon (podcast), concerning film
Brands and enterprises[edit]
- Canon Inc., a Japanese imaging and optical products corporation
- Château Canon (disambiguation), any of a number of wineries
- UBM Canon, a media company headquartered in Los Angeles
Religion[edit]
Religious law[edit]
- Canon law, a rule of conduct or belief prescribed by various churches
- Canon law (Catholic Church)
- Penitential canons, the Catholic canon laws regarding certain penances to be done for certain sins
- Canon law, religious laws, particularly in Christian contexts
- Canonization, the formal process of recognizing a Christian saint
- Canon law (Catholic Church)
- Canon of construction, a rule or generally accepted principle of statutory interpretation
Scriptures[edit]
- Canon, various formally approved collections of religious text, including:
- Biblical canon, among various Jewish and Christian communities
- Chinese Buddhist canon, used in East Asia
- Jewish Bible canon, another name for the Tanakh
- Pāli Canon, used in the Therevada Buddhist tradition
- Daozang, the Taoist canon, about 1400 texts collected around the 4th century
- Tibetan Buddhist canon, a loosely defined list used in the Vajrayana tradition
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Other uses in religion[edit]
- Canon (hymnography), a kind of hymn in Eastern Orthodox Christianity
- Canon (priest), a title of certain Christian priests
- Canon of the Mass, the Eucharistic Prayer of the Roman Rite
- Canons regular, priests living in community under a rule
Other uses[edit]
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- Canon (rapper) (born 1989)
- Cañon or canyon, a deep valley between cliffs
- Canon, in bellfounding, one or more hanging loops cast integrally with the crown
- Canon Yaoundé, a Cameroonian association football club
See also[edit]
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- Canaan, a region in the Ancient Near East
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Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canon&oldid=907461222'